The developing brain is particularly sensitive to early-life neglect. It is well-known that child neglect increases the risk for the development of many psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression ( 5, 6). Considering the importance of mother–infant attachment in the early-life period, maternal separation (MS) is one of the most widely used models to elucidate the effects and neurobiological mechanisms of child neglect ( 7). ![]() However, due to the different MS paradigms and strains, the findings of the animal behavioral changes in both mice and rats are inconsistent. ![]() ![]() Some studies have reported that MS induces impaired memory ( 8), anxiety, and depressive behavior in rodents ( 9, 10).
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